• Normal temperature of body is 98.4 deg: F = 37 deg: C
• Corrine is used as paralyzing agent
• A nerve cell is called neuron. Each
neuron has several inputs called dendrites and a single output called axon
• Weakest bone is clavicle bone
• Hardest bone is collar bone
• The part of small intestine that
joins large intestine is colon
• Hardest part of body is tooth
• Most abundant element in human body
is carbon (chk Oxygen or calcium)
• Systole is heart contraction
• Diastole is heart relaxation
• Dendrites are connected with neurons
• Epidermis = outer skin is called the
True skin, it is free from blood vessels and its cells are nourished by lymph
• Muscles are held to the bones by Tendons.
• The largest part of the human brain
is the Cerebrum
• Blood fails to clot in the absence of Calcium
• the two most abundant elements by
mass found in Earth's crust are Oxygen and
Silicon
• Eardrum helps in keeping balance of
the body
• In general, the probability of
flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of infiltration
• Where is the 'Atlas' bone in the
human body located? Neck
• What does intelligent people have
more in their hair? zinc and copper
• Which base differentiates DNA and
RNA? Uracil
• Eye is filled with liquids: two
• What is the name of bones of human
finger? Phalanges
• Pons varolii is found in brain
• Human brain contains 4/5th of water
• % of water in body is 70%
• Carbon in human body is 18%
• Heart is conical in shape
• Weight of heart is 9 ounces with 4 cavities
• Weight of kidney is 41/2 ounces
• Weight of brain is 1.4 kg and it
consists of 14 billion nerve cells
• Right kidney is shorter and little
lower than left
• Kidneys are supplied blood though
renal arteries
• Liver receives blood from the
alimentary canal through Heptic Portal vein
• Coronary artery supplies blood to heart
• Each kidney contains about one
million nephrons
• Eye ball is moved by six muscles
• Most active muscle of human body is
eye muscle
• Digestion of food takes 3 to 4 hours
in stomach
• Capacity of stomach is one and a half
kilo of food
• Clavicle is the collar bone
• Scapula is the shoulder bone
• Sternum is the chest bone
• There are 24 ribs
• Spinal cord has 33 disks
• Bones in hand are 27
• Ulna is the bone of forearm
• Radius is the second bone of forearm
• Carpal are 8 small bones of wrist
• Tarsal is the ankle bone
• Femur and patella (knee cap), tibia
and fibula are bones of lower limbs
• Femur is the longest bone
• Head or skull has 29 bones
• Total bones are 206
• Total muscles are 600 (chk 650)
• 60 thousand miles of capillaries of blood
• Chemically finger nails are made of protein
• Nails are made of a tough material
called keratin
• Average body has 2 square yards of skin
• Weight of skin is 6 pounds
• Smallest bone is stirrup in the ear
about 1/10th of an inch
• A newborn baby has 300 bones
• In 22 weeks baby is formed completely
• Ovum is a female germ cell
• The sensation of skin is perceived by epidermis
• Number of systems in body are of 7 types
• Man breathes 20,000 times in a day
• Root of hair is called follicle
• More than 2/3rd of body weight is
made of fluids/water
• Messages sent in brain at 240 miles/hour
• Weight of eyes is 1 ½ ounces each
• There are 100,000 hairs
• Muscle of jaw exerts 219 kg weight
• Circadian rhythm is a medical term of
heart beat
• Atmosphere exerts a pressure of 15
pounds per square inch on human body
• Iris of eye regulates the quantity of
light admitted into the eye ball
• Outer layer of eyeball is called sclerotic
• The front portion of sclerotic is
called cornea
• In eye a convex lens is placed
• Cornea is the only part of body
without blood supply
• In front of eye is Cornea which bends
light as it passes into the eyeball. It is covered by a thing membrane called Conjunctiva.
• Image made on ratina is upside down,
but our brain turns it right.
• Behind the Cornea is a sheet of
muscles called the Iris with the small hole in the middle called the pupil.
• Iris manages the amount of light
entry into eye. In dark it relaxes to let pupil enter light as much as possible and in bright light it contracts.
• The muscles attached to the lens are
Ciliary muscles. These muscles can contract the lens thin to see distant
objects and for close objects these muscles relax.
• Retina contains cone shaped cells
that can detect colors.
• Retina contains rod shaped cells that
can see dim light.
• In the centre of retina is a small
yellow area called the fovea where each cell has its own connection to the brain.
• Skeleton word comes from a Greek word
meaning dried up.
• The defect of vision because of which
a person cannot see distant objects clearly : Myopia or Short sightedness
• Where on your body are the most sweat glands-Feet
• Your eyeballs are 3.5% what-Salt
• The human bodies got 45 miles of them
– what-Nerves
• Where is your zygomatic bone-Cheek
• Pancreas lies partly on the left side
and partly on the right side of the body.
• Development of calf muscles in ladies
who wear high heels is a common example of: Use and disuse of organ
• Cerumen is the technical name for
what body part-Earwax
• Skin does not excrete oil.
• Male child is born if xy chromosomes are united.
• Liver receives blood from the
alimentary canal through hepatic portal vein.
• For short-sightedness (man cannot see
distant objects) a concave lens is used
• For long-sightedness (man cannot see
near objects) a convex lens is used
• Concave mirrors are used as shaving
mirrors, doctors use concave mirrors for the examination of ear, nose or eyes of a patient
• Concave mirrors are used to focus
light in case of search lights and headlights of automobiles.
• Cerebellum co-ordinates movements,
conscious control and balance, allowing you to move smoothly.
• The largest and most complicated part
of brain is cerebrum. It controls conscious actions, speech and all your
senses. It also does all your thinking and is the centre of memory and learning.
It has two halves linked
by bundles of
nerve fibres. Its right side does artistic, creative tasks while the left is
responsible for understanding, reading and thinking
• A reflex action is controlled by the
nerves of the spinal cord without involving brain.
• Skeleton word comes from a Greek word
meaning dried up
• Most abundant mineral in human body
is calcium
• Strongest muscle is Thigh muscle (chk
Heart muscle and cheek muscle)
• Iris in the eye contracts on the
entry of light.
• Retina acts as a lens in the entry of light.
• Weight of heart is 300 gram.
• Water in human body is 85%
• A human being drinks 27 tons of water
in a year
• Peritoneum is a membrane
• Unused fat in body is converted into
animal fat and stored in different parts of body
• Substances which bring down body
temperature are Antipyretics
• Antibodies are proteins
• Most easily breakable bone of body is
Collar bone
• There is 21/2 pounds of calcium in
human body
• A human body has 236 joints
• Dental enamel is the hardest thing
present in human body
• A man breathes 18 times in a minute
• A 9 inch nail can be made from the
iron available in a body
• Average weight of man’s brain is 4.8
ounces and femal’s 4.4 ounces
• About 900 pencils can be made from
the carbon preserved in human body
• Skin does not excrete oil.
• New varieties of organisms can be
brought about by hybridization.
• Male child is born if xy chromosomes
are united.
• Total teeth = 32, eight flat incisors
at the front, fount pointed canine and 20 flat-topped pre-molars and molars at
the back of the mouth.
• Tooth is covered by tough white enamel
• Enamel is the hardest substance in
the body and resists almost everything except the acid produced by certain bacteria
• Liver is the body’s chemical factory.
• Liver is the largest organ in the body.
• Liver carries out more than 500
different tasks.
• Liver recycles old red blood cells.
• Liver takes up and stores glucose
from blood.
• Liver also absorbs and stores fat and
some vitamins.
• Liver uses vitamin B12 for making new
red blood cells.
• Nearly two third of our body is water.
• We loose about a liter and a half of
water each day in sweating, breathing and urination.
• Each kidney is made up of millions of
tiny filtering units called Nephrons.
• The nephrons can filter about 4
liters of blood every 5 minutes.
• Each day about 200 liters of water
leaves the blood and passes into the filters most of it is then reclaimed and
return to the blood.
• Only about a liter of water per day
stays in the nephrons to leave the kidney and flow into the bladder as urine.
• Urea is poisonous so the kidneys
remove all of it from the blood.
• The liquid which leaves the kidney as
urine is about 96% water and just 4% salts and
urea.
• The urinary bladder can hold about
half a liter of urine before we must empty it.
• Amniotic sac is a protective bag of
fluid in which the baby floats.
• A baby is attached to the side of the
womb by placenta.
• Homo erectus means upright man
• Homo sapiens mean wise man
• Cells in intestine are easily worn
away and live for only a few days.
• Bone cells can last for 30 years.
• The left ventricle pumps blood all
round the body.
• Capillaries are so small that they
can fit between cells.
• A living bone has layers of hard
calcium phosphate on the outside and a heycomb of hard bone of living cells inside
• Bone marrow supply blood cells over 2
millin every second
• In the inner chamber of ear called cochlea,
the vibrations send waves of movement through a fluid.
• The cochlea is liked with thousands
of sensitive hairs.
• Thumping of heart or break out of
sweat are caused by adrenaline.
• From the age of about 5 years a
child’s body grows steadily
• Protein is a natural polymer
• Muscles along the digestive system
contract in a sequence called peristalsis to squeeze food along
• Nutrients of food are absorbed in
blood in a long section of intestine called ileum. If uncoiled, ileum is 5- 6
meters long
• Eye contains only three types of
color-sensitive cells. These cells (called cones) are on retina. The cones
respond to red, green and blue light. Brain makes out other colors by combining
the signals from these cells.
• Ophthalmology deals with Eyes
• ORBIS is mobile eye hospital
• Synovial fluid is the “joint oil”
between bones
• The smallest bone in human body is
stapes or stirrup bone. It is one of the three auditory ossicles in the middle ear. Its length is 0.10 to
0.13 inch.
• Your tongue is the only muscle in
your body that is attached at only one end
• You use 14 muscles to smile and 43 to frown.
• A living bone has layers of hard
calcium, phosphate on the outside and a honeycomb of hard bone are living cells within.
• Every second, hundreds of tiny pulses
of electricity shoot through your body along living wires called nerves.
• There is a place in the retina where
the light sensitive cells are interrupted by the presence of the optic nerve
head. It is known as The Retinal Neural Transmission Layer_
• The cavity of Ascaris is known as Coelom.
• The membranous labyrinth of the ear
is filled with Endolymph.
• Crura-cerebri is found in Mid-brain.
• The strongest muscle of the body is
the masseter muscle, which is located in the jaw. (Chk)
• Muscles account for 40 percent of
one's body weight.
• There are 230 joints in the body.
• Kids have 20 first teeth. Adults have
32 teeth.
• The small intestines are about 25
feet long.
• The large intestines are five feet
long and are three times wider than the small
intestines.
• Most people shed 40 pounds of skin in
a lifetime.
• Your body is 70 percent water.
• Normal body temperature is 98.6° Fahrenheit.
• When you sneeze, air rushes through
your nose at a rate of 100 mph.
• An eyelash lives about 150 days
before it falls out.
• Your brain sends messages at the rate
of 240 mph.
• About 400 gallons of blood flow
through your kidneys in one day.
• You blink your eyes about 20,000
times a day.
• Your heart beats about 100,000 times
a day.
• Humans breathe 20 times per minute,
more than 10 million times per year and about 700 million times in a lifetime.
• You have about 100,000 hairs on your head.
• There are 10 million nerve cells in
your brain.
• Each of your eyes has 120 million
rods, which help you see in black and white.
• Each eye has six million cones, which
help you see in color.
• One in 12 men is color blind.
• Brain of a normal human adult weighs
about 3lb
• For an adult blood pressure of 120/80
is regarded as ideal and pressure of up to 140/90 is normal.
• Iris in the eye contracts on the
entry of light.
• Retina acts as a lens in the entry of light.
• In your body where is the macula- Eye
centre of the Retina
• Weight of heart is 300 gram.
• Heart pumps five liters of blood in 1 minute.
• Colon is mainly responsible for water
absorption from the undigested residue.
• Right kidney in man is slightly lower
in position than the left kidney
• The movement of food through
esophagus is by the muscular action known as :
peristaltic
• In the human body what is replaced
every three months Eyelashes
• Our eyes are always the same size
from birth, but our nose and ears never stop
growing
• The thickness of your skin varies
from 1/2 to 6 millimeters, depending on the area of your body
• the temperature of the dead human
body on Celsius scale is 25 c_ normally room
temperature
• Where in your body is the labyrinth- Ear
• What does a hypodermic literally
mean-Under skin
• In the body where would you find your
villus Small Intestine
• Where is the dirtiest skin on your
body- The face
• the number of the spinal nerves in
the man is pairs (31)
• Part of the human body can expand 20
times its normal size: Stomach 0.5 litres to 5
litres
• In the human body where is your
occiput: Back of head
• Central nervous system controls the
reflex action in the body.
• The terminal part of vertebral column
in man is called Coceyx
• The "Urinary system" of the
body consists of 3 organs.
• Haryersion canals are present in Bone.
• The heart bear is initiated and
regulated by nodal tissue made of specialized cardiac muscles called Purkinje tusse.
• The gestation period of human being
is Nine months.
• The first heart sound is produced
when Diastole begins.
• Where would you find Lunate
Triquetral and Hamate-Bones in Wrist
• Which part of the human body contains
the most gold: Toenails
• In the body luteinizing hormone is
produced by what gland Pituitary
• Due to buffer system, human blood has
a ph of 7.4.
• The normal temperature of human body
is 98.6 F.
• chemical elements most % human body O
65% C 18% and Hydrogen 10%
• Cell membrane is made up of protein
and lipid molecules forming a semi permeable
membrane.
• Carbohydrates in the cell are in from
of glycogen.
• An epithelium is a collection of cells.
• Exoskeleton lies external to the muscles.
• Exoskeleton is commonly found in
anthropoids and mollusk.
• Exoskeleton is composed of dead
substances secreted by the cells.
• Endoskeleton lies internal to muscles
of the body. It is found in all vertebrates. It is formed of bones and cartilages.
• Endoskeleton is composed of living cells.
• Ear has 6 bones- Malleus bone (2),
Incus bone (2) & stapes (2).
• Human skull has 22 bones.
• There are 26 vertebrae in the human body.
• Total number of ribs are 24- True
Ribs (14), False Ribs (6) and floating ribs (4)
• Sternum is that bone where the ribs
meet medially.
• Collar bone are 2, Shoulder bone are 2.
• Carpal bones are those bones which
form the wrist numbering 8.
• Small forearm bone is radius and main
forearm bone is Ulna. Humerus is upper arm bone.
• Metacarpal bones are found in hand
numbering 5.
• Phalanges are small bones present in
fingers also called digits. These are 14 in
number.
• Each leg is composed of 29 bones.
• Tarsal bone is also known as the
ankle bone. These are seven in number.
• Phalanges are toe bones numbering 14.
• Vertebrae are 33 in number. Vertebral
column covers spinal cord and protects it from
injury.
• Clavicle bones are also known as
collar bones. These are two bones.
• Scapula are called shoulder bones.
• Sternum is called chest bone.
• Patella acts like a knee-cap and
protects the knee joint.
• Tibia is the main large bone of the
lower leg also known as calf-bone.
• Fibula is the smaller part of lower leg.
• Femur bears the weight of the body.
It is in upper leg.
• Muscles are composed of threadlike
protein structure called myofibril.
• The cardiac muscle continues to contract
rhythmically even when it is disconnected from the nervous system.
• Trapizius muscle is responsible for
movement of shoulder.
• Sternocleidomastoid muscle is the
longest muscle of the body. It bends head and
neck.
• Brachialis anticus muscle is
responsible for bending forearm to the upper
arm.
• Heart is enclosed in a tough membrane
called Pericardium.
• There are four chambers of heart.
• Heart is surrounded by a fluid called
as pericardial fluid.
• The weight of the heart in females is
25% lesser than in males.
• Excitability and contractility of the
heart id due to the presence of myofibrils of actin and myosin.
• Purkinjee fibres are tissues of heart.
• S.A Node and A.V Node are special
conducting tissues of the heart.
• S.A. Node was discovered by Keith and
Flack in 1907.
• A.V Node functions as Pace-maker.
• Right atrium receives deoxygenated
blood from body collected by Superior Vena Cava from head and upper parts while from the lower
parts by inferior vena cava.
• Right atrium opens into right
ventricle through right atrioventricular aperture guarded by bicuspid valve allowing one way flow of blood.
• When right ventricle contracts, the
blood is pushed by the way of pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation.
• The left atrium is that chamber which
receives the oxygenated blood from lungs by pulmonary veins.
• Left atrium opens into left ventricle
from there blood is pumped into aorta which distributes blood to body.
• Cardiac cycle consists of three
events- Auricular Systole, Ventricular Systole and Diastole.
• Each cardiac cycle takes 0.8 seconds.
• Aorta is the largest vessel of the body.
• The biggest artery is aorta with a
diameter of one inch.
• Arteries carry blood away from the
heart except pulmonary arteries.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood
except pulmonary arteries.
• The smallest artery is called arteriole.
• The walls of veins are much thinner
that the arteries.
• Coronary arteries supply blood to heart.
• Carotid arteries supply blood to head.
• Subclavian arteries supply blood to
shoulder and forelimbs.
• Coelic artery supplies blood to
digestive system.
• Renal artery supplies blood to kidneys.
• Iliac artery supplies blood to legs.
• The most important function of perspiration
is to regulate the body temperature.
• The number of chromosomes in the
human body is 46.
• First tissue culture was grown in
space on Dec: 17, 1997.
• The tiny air sacs in the lung tissues
are called alveoli.
• Farmer's lung is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
• Otalgia is what condition-Earache
• Scurvy is a disease resulting from a
deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans.
• Scorbutic gums, a symptom of scurvy
• Scurvy leads to the formation of
spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes. The
spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment
looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy
there are open, suppurating wounds and loss of teeth. It was described by Hippocrates
• Shortsightedness can be corrected
with the use of Concave.
• Pancreas lies partly on the left side
and partly on the right side of the body.
• In total 25 elements are present in
human body.
HUMAN BLOOD
• Universal donor group is O group
• Total volume of blood in human body
is 5.5 liters (chk 6 liters)
• Life span of red blood cells is 120 days
• Life of RBC is 115 days.
• The total quantity of blood in a
human body is 7-8 liter.
• 80 % water is found in pure blood
• The pH of normal human body is
Arteries 7.4
• 60% of blood plasma consists of protein.
• Which one of the following substances
is obtained by the fractionation of human blood? Gamma globulin
• In the human circulatory system blood
returns to the heart from the lungs through Pulmonary Veins.
• First blood transfusion carried out
in London
• pH value of water is 7, blood is 7.4
and urine is 5.5-6.5
• when iron is less in body the
quantity of RBC decreases
• Leococytosis is the increase in
number of white blood cells.
• it takes 30 seconds to blood for a
complete circulation in human body
• Blood travels 1000 times through the
whole body
• Hemoglobin is chromo-protein
• In lymph main cells are lymphocytes
• Blood has 83% of water
• Blood has 60% plasma, 40% corpuscles
• During sleep a man’s blood pressure fluctuates.
• Fat is a Lipid
• Human blood is 6 times thicker than water
• Heart pumps five liters of blood in 1 minute.
• Antigen is a substance that destroys
harmful bacteria
• Blood typing is the way of determine
the blood group.
• Platelets help to seal cuts in the skin.
• Almost half of the blood in a body is
made up of red blood cells.
• White cells are about one for every
500 red cells.
• A blood donor gives about 500 ml of blood.
• RBC and WBC is bloods are counted by Hemocytometer.
• Of the blood groups A, B, AB and O,
which one is transfused into a person whose blood group is A? Group A and O
• Your body contains eight pints of blood.
• Kari Landsteiner discovered the blood
groups of man.
• Prothrombin which helps in clotting
of blood is released by Blood platelets.
• The main function of white blood
cells in the body is to protect the body against diseases.
• In which liquid component do the
blood cells move about? Plasma
• Blood can be classified into how many
main types of groups? Four
• The fluid portion of blood is known
as the plasma.
• Blood contains 91 to 92% waster.
• Blood contains proteins like Serum
Albumin, Serum Globulin, Prothrombin and Fibrinogen.
• RBCs in venous blood have bigger size
than in arterial blood.
• RBCs due to their Hb content act as
O2 carrier.
• RBCs are also known as Erythrocytes.
• WBCs are known as Leucocytes and act
as police force of the body.
• WBCs are larger in size as compared
to RBCs.
• Life span of WBCs is a few days to a
few weeks.
• Platelets have no nucleus.
• Platelets are formed in red bone marrow.
• Life span of platelets varies from 4
to 10 days.
• Platelets are very rich in catecholamine.
• Blood grouping is based on the
presence of blood group antigen (agglutinates) on RBCs which are inherited.
• O group comprises of 47% of
population while A with 41% is second.
• Hemoglobin is a conjugated protein
composed of heme and globulin.
• Quantity of hemoglobin is 16 gms/100
ml of blood in Males and 14 gms/100 ml of blood in females.
• Hemoglobin is basically from acetic
acid and glycine.
• Platelets are essential for blood clotting.
•
GLANDS AND SECETIONS IN HUMAN BODY
• Blood clotting factor is produced by Liver
• Chemical factory of human body is liver
• Urea is produces in liver
• Maximum quantity of water is in eyes
• Largest secretary gland is Liver
• Insulin is produced by pancreas,
Insulin is a protein which acts as a hormone
• Amino acids are a product of the
digestion of proteins.
• Ptyalin is starch digesting enzyme.
• Bile secretion does not contain enzymes.
• Pepsin, a digestive enzyme is
produced in stomach.
• The hormone secreted by adrenal
cortex : aldosterone
• The organ in (the human body which is
responsible for the digestion of protein only
-Stomach
• Ptyalin is present in the saliva.
• Glycogen is mainly stored in Liver
and muscles.
• Pepsin converts protein into peptides
in acid media.
• Trypsin is an enzyme produced by pancreas
• Starch is digested by Ptylin
• Gall bladder stores bile from liver
and releases it into small intestine after food is consumed
• Pancreas is both endo- and exocrine gland
• Harmones secreted by kidneys are
Renin and Erythroprotein
• Lachrymal glands give out tears
• Sweat glands give out sweat
• Salivary glands give out saliva,
Saliva contains Amylases
• Ptyalin is the enzyme of Saliva
• Liver converts excessive protein into urea.
• Amino acids are a product of the
digestion of proteins.
• Ptyalin is starch digesting enzyme.
• Bile secretion does not contain
enzymes.
• Enzymes found in saliva are ptyalin.
• Lachrymal gland is a ductless gland.
• Insulin : Pancreas
• Thyroxin : Thyroid
• Adrenaline ; Adrenal medulla
• Estrogen : Ovaries
• Testosterone : Testes
• Cortisol; Adrenal cortex
• In the body luteinizing hormone is
produced by what gland Pituitary
• Mammary gland give out milk
• Liver gives out bile
• Sebaceous gland give out sebum
• Exocrine glands transmit secretions
through ducts
• Enzymes are protein in nature
• Hydrolysis of starch gives glucose
and fructose
• Fat digested by Lipase
• Starch is a polymer of glucose
• Endocrine glands: Pituitary is in
brain and it controls general body growth.
• Thyroid gland produces Thyroxin and
it increases rate of cellular metabolism,
• Pancreas produce insulin which
metabolizes sugar and fats
• Adrenal gland produce cartosol,
Testosterone is produced by Tests and ovaries produce Progesterone
• Pituitary: Controls activity of
thyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands. Other hormones stimulate the womb to
contract during birth, and stimulate milk production after a baby is born.
• Thyroid: Thyroxin controls the rate
at which we grow, and how fast food is converted to energy in our cells.
• Adrenal Glands: Adrenaline speeds up
the heart and breathing, causes sweating and diverts blood to the muscles, in
response to an emergency.
• Cortisone helps fight stress and shock.
• Aldosterone helps regulate water and
salt in the body.
• Pancreas: Insulin controls the body’s
use of glucose.
• Ovaries: Estrogens and progesterone
control female appearance and the release of eggs, and prepare the body for pregnancy.
• Testes: Testosterone controls the
development of male appearance and the production of sperm cells.
• Protein which acts as hormone is Oxatocin
• Hormones are made in glands known as
endocrine glands which pour them straight into the blood. Hormones are not
released all the time they are produced in short bursts.
• Pituitary gland attached to the
underside of brain releases hormones that control the activity of other
endocrine glands. It produces hormone that controls the amount of water
filtered in the kidneys. Pituitary is attached to the brain by the hypothalamus
which links together the nervous system and the hormonal system
• Excessive secretion from the
pituitary gland in children results in increased height
GENE/CELL
• The genetic material of chromatin is DNA
• Hereditary material is DNA
• Gender of a person is determined by
23rd chromosome
• Autosome are sex chromosome = 23
• Nucleus of human body cell contains
about 20,000 genes, half of which being contributed by each parent
• Term gene was coined by Johannsen in 1909
• DNA = Deoxy ribose nucleic acid
• RNA = Ribose nucleic acid
• Histones are on chromosomes
• Chromosomes word was coined by
Waldeyer in 1888
• Number of chromosomes in human being
is 46
• Chromosomes in spermatozoa are 23
• Smallest part of a gene is Mutton
• Mitochondria are power house of cells
• Golgi bodies are involved in cell secretions
• Ribosome are rich in DNA and prepare protein
• Plastids are found in Plant cells
only and contain chlorophyll
• Centrosomes help in cell division
• Proteins are synthesized by Golgi bodies.
• Cellulose respiration is done by Mitochondrion
• Light energy is stored in the form of
chemical energy due to the activity of Chloroplast.
• Protoplasm is a colloidal solution.
• Most cells are microscopic but the
egg cell of an ostrich is 15-20 cm long and some giraffe nerve cells reach more
then 4 m long
• Mitochondria do work of cell respiration.
• The nucleus, mitocondria and
chloroplast have double membranes
• Bacteria have no nucleus and no
mitochondria they have just a single loop of DNA cell nucleoid as well as food granules and ribosome which
produce proteins
• Each cell has the same set of about
30,000 genes.
• Genes are arranged along a long and
thin thread-like structure called chromosomes.
• Snakes have 36 chromosomes, horse has
63 while some ferns have 500 or more
• Humans have a total of 46
chromosomes- 23 pairs in every cell. The only exception are sperm and egg cells
which have 23 unpaired chromosomes.
• Genes are made of a chemical called
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
• DNA tells a cell how to make the proteins
• Every cell in a body contains at
least 10,000 different kinds of proteins.
• The machinery for making these
proteins is on structures called ribosome which are outside the nucleus.
• RNA carries the instructions for
making a particular protein to the ribosome.
• A permanent change to a piece of DNA
is called a mutation.
• Nearly a third of a human being’s
genes are the same as the genes of a lettuce.
• DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder
called double helix. The rungs of the ladder are made up of four chemical building blocks Adenine,
Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine
• Amoeba is a unicellular organism
• A structure present in all cells is
called cell membrane
• The normal temperature of human body
on the Kelvin scale is 310.
• ELISA is Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assay- for HIV/AIDS.
• Rh- blood is very rare compared to Rh+.
• The pancreatic duct releases its
contents into duodenum.
• Right hepatic artery supplies
nutrient rich blood from stomach and small intestine to the liver.
• Human cranium contains 6 bones.
• In the human body, spleen stores
extra blood for release when shortage occurs.
• Mitochondria contain enzymes for
cellular respirations.
• In the human body, rotator cuff
muscle is to be found in the shoulder.
• Reproductive cells in normal human
beings are produced in greater numbers for a longer period of time in the male
• Which vessels bring blood back to
heart? Inferior venacava and Superior venacava bring blood back to heart from
lower parts and upper parts of body respectively.
• Where in your body is your patella:
Knee ( it's the kneecap
• 80% of household dust is actually
what material-Dead skin
• Babies are born without what-Knee
Caps - form at 2-6 years
• In Nuclear DNA is concentrated in chromatin.
• Proteins are synthesized by golgi bodies.
• Cellulose respiration is done by Mitochondrion.
• Protoplasm is a colloidal solution.
• Man is Homoeothermic.
• Hydrosis is the medical term for what -Sweating
• An IVP is used to detect what medical
condition- Kidney Stones- Intravenuspylorigram
• What part of the body ages the
fastest-The Hands
• In medicine what is nicknamed a blue
pipe-A Vein
• What is the name of the cranial bone
just above your ear Temporal
• What is the name of the scale
measuring depth of coma (GCS)- Glasgow
Coma Scale
DISEASES/CURE
• TB tuberculosis is a bacterial disease
• Bacillus causes TB
• Salmonella Typhus are bacteria
causing Typhoid
• Vibrio cholera cause Cholera
• Clostridium Tetni cause Tetanus
• Athlete’s foot is caused by Fungi
• Presbypia is an old age eye disease
• Mycobacterium are bacteria causing T.B
• Myxovirus cause Influenza
• Anopheles (mosquito) causes malaria,
parasite is plasmodium
• Astigmation is fault of eye
• Thalasemia is an hereditary disease
causing deficiency of hemoglobin
• Long-sightedness is called Hyper metrophia
• Shortsightedness is called Myopia
• Largest acquired disease is of tooth
• Low sugar in blood is called Hypoglycemia
• High sugar in blood is called Hyperglycemia
• Plague is caused by Yersina Pests
• Hemophilia is a bleeding disease
• Parasomia is sleep walking.
• In Leukemia there is an abnormal
increase in number of White blood cells
• Parkinson is a disease of Brain
• An Aids patient can live for 2 years
• Aids virus has single stranded RNA
• Meaningitis disease affects Centaral
Nervous System
• Diabetes is a disease in which the
urine lacks insulin
• Improper function of Thyroid gland
causes Myxedema
• Scurvy is the disease of swelling and
bleeding of gums
• Hook worm enters human body through
soles of feet
• Tuberculosis usually spreads though milk
• Malaria affects spleen and liver
• Trachoma is a disease of ees
• Mymps is caused by virus
• Lock jaw is a condion of Tetanus
virus attack
• A person suffering from Beri- Beri
should use citrus fruit , mangoes, grapes
• Pneumonia is caused by Cocci.
• Common Cold is caused by Virus.
• Chief food of mosquito larva is micro
organism found in water.
• Chief food of butterfly larva is
leaves of plants.
• Pneumonia affects respiratory system.
• Rabies affects Nervous system.
• Beri beri affects bones.
• Biopsy is done on tissues taken from
a living body
• Oldest known disease in the world is Leprosy
• Lack of oxygen at high altitudes
produce bleeding
• Pathogenic is the Disease producing
micro organism.
• Antibiotic for inhibit the growth of bacteria.
• Sulfa drugs are used for bacteria.
• An disinfectant is used for
destroying micro-organism and rendering the material sterile.
• Encephalitis is a viral disease.
• Trypanosome a parasite causing
sleeping sickness.
• Immunization is the method in which
the cure of disease is done by Vaccine.
• Sleep sickness is transmitted by tse-tse-fly.
• typical bacterial cell is about 1000
times smaller than an animal cell
• Viruses are not made up of cells
• Viruses cause common cold, measles, Aids
• Bacteria move with Flagella
• Bacteria cause cholera, tetanus, typhoid
• Bacteria can produce two in every 30
minutes and 8 million bacteria a day (?)
• Viruses called Bacteriophages invade
the cell of bacteria and hijack its chemical process so instead of working normally the cell makes
copies of the virus
• SARS = Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome is a pneumonia like disease
• Mad cow disease = BSE (Bovine
Spongiform Encephalopathy)
• Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, was
the first to realize that diseases are caused by germs
• In 1881, Louis Pasteur founded a
vaccine for anthrax, a fatal disease of animals.
• The Pasteur Institute in Paris was
founded in 1888 to investigate rabies.
• Morphine used in drugs is extracted
from opium poppy, it is a powerful painkiller.
• Antibiotics are substances produced
naturally by certain moulds and bacteria.
• A vaccine is made of dead or weakened
micro-organisms to fight the invading virus. The body produces antibodies to
fight the invading virus. Later, if the body is exposed to real virus the
antibodies are already there to
attack it before it multiplies.
• English doctor Edward Jener made
vaccine of smallpox.
• Analgesic drugs prevent or reduce
pain
• Jaundice is a yellowness of skin
which is caused by disease of the liver or gall blader
• Head louse transmits the typhoid.
• Cancer cells divide rapidly and form
growth called Tumors.
• Radiotherapy is used for killing
cancer cells
• Ultra-violet rays from sun can cause cancer
• Strong drugs(Chemotherapy) are used
to remove cancer in early stages
• Magic bullets are special antibodies
used as a drug to kill cancer cells.
• Oil from the skin contains substances
that kill bacteria.
• Inside the nose sticky mucus traps
and destroys invaders we inhale.
• We have several different types of
infection fighting white cells in the blood. Two of the most important are
lymphocytes and macrophages.
• Lymphocytes produce special chemical
called antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses.
• By what name is the disease,
Varicella, more commonly known? Chicken Pox
• A typical bacterial cell is about
1000 times smaller than an animal cell.
• Viruses are not made up of cells.
• Viruses cause, common cold, measles, aidz.
• Bacteria moves with Flagella.
• Bacteria causes Cholera, Tetanus, Typhoid.
• Bacteria can produce (Two) in every
30 minutes and 8 million bacteria a day.
• Viruses called Bacteriophages invade
the cell of bacteria. They ‘hijack’ the cell’s chemical process, so that,
instead of working normally, the cell makes copies of the virus.
• Immunization is the method in which
the cure of disease is done by Vaccine.
• Small pox is totally eliminated from
the world.
• Cancer is a disease which cannot be
spread by those who have it
• The drug quinine is used in the
treatment of malaria.
• Pollen grains can cause hey fever
which is a typical allergic reaction.
• After drinking contaminated water you
would be most apt to develop symptoms of ‘typhoid fever’.
• Food poisoning can result from the
eating of too much Vitamins. (chk)
• The most infectious disease is
Penumonic form of Plague. it has a mortality rate og about 99.99 %
• robert koch worked on TB
• Rust is caused by Fungi.
• Pathogenic is the Disease producing
micro organism.
• Antibiotic for inhi the growth of bacteria.
• Sulfa drugs are used for bacteria.
• An disinfectant is used for
destroying micro-organism and rendering the
materialsterile.
• Pneumonia is caused by Cocci.
• Common Cold is caused by Virus.
• Bacillus causes Cholera.
• Pneumonia affects respiratory system.
• Rabies affects Nervous system.
• Beri beri affects bones.
• Head louse transmits the typhoid.
• Sleep sickness is transmitted by tse-tse-fly.
• Trachoma is a disease of eye.
• Typhoid is caused by bacteria.
• Cancer Cells divide rapidly and form
growth called Tumors.
• If cells break away from the tumors
they can travel to other part of the body and start new tumors.
• Radiotherapy is used for killing
cancer cells.
• Ultra-Violet rays from the sun can
damage skin cells and cause cancer.
• Strong drugs (Chemotherapy) is used
to remove cancer in early stages.
• Magic bullets are special antibodies
used as a drug to kill cancer, they directly attach themselves to cancer cells.
• Anasthetic = prevent patient feeling
pain; local anesthetic acts locally; generally anesthetic creates
unconsciousness.
• Analgesic = prevents or reduces pain.
• Antibiotic = kills the bacteria that
cause disease.
• Antihistamine = relieves symptoms of
asthma, hay fever and other allergies.
• Hormone = used to overcome a hormone
deficiency in the body.
• Narcotic = helps prevents pain by
deadening the whole system.
• Sedative = helps induce sleep.
• Tranquillizer = helps claim a person.
• Vaccine = helps the body fight a
virus disease by triggering its natural defenses in advance.
• Encephalitis is a viral disease.
• Muscle stiffness is caused by a disease
called (Parkinsons) (chk)
• Wool sorters disease is actually what-Anthrax
• Which disease was once known as white plague Tuberculosis
• Beingn tertain malaria is caused by
plasmodium vivax.
• The life history of human malarial
parasite in Anopheles was first described by Sir Ronald Ross.
• The mouth parts of anopheles are
adapted to piercing and sucking type feeding.
• Amoebic dysentery in man is caused by
Entamoeba histolytica.
• Jaundice is the disease of Liver
• AIDS is caused by HIV virus (human
immune deficiency virus ).
• Addison’s disease is caused by the
excessive secretion of: Adrenocorticotrophic
Harmone
• Consumption was the former name of
which disease: Tuberculosis
• If you suffered from pruritus - what
would be wrong-Itching
• The word amnesia (forgetfulness) derives
from- Greek
• Encephalitis is a viral disease.
• What disease is spread in minute
water droplets-Legionnaires Disease
• Which of the following diseases is generally
spread by fleas? Yellow fever
• The much dreaded H1N1 virus flu, also
known as swine flu, is a respiratory illness in pigs caused by a virus
• Water contaminated by sewage spreads
disease such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and river blindness
• Meningococcal Meningitis is
transmitted from person to person by mosquito
bites.
• Vomiting and neck pair are two of the
symptoms of Meningococcal Meningitis.
• Deficiency of vitamin A causes
Xerophthalmia, a disease characterized by dryness of conjunctiva layer of
eye.
• Cholera is caused by bacteria vibrio cholerae.
• Colour blindness, Down’s syndrome
& Hemophilia are genetic disorders.
• Xerophthalmia is disease of tear
glands.
• Leukemia is a type of cancer in which
there is an abnormal increase in the number of White Blood Cells.
• Biopsy is a medical diagnostic
technique using cells and tissues.
• In which country were antibiotics
first used: Egypt - used mouldy bread
• If you suffer from epistaxis what is
wrong: Nosebleed
• Deficiency of Vitamin C causes a
disease of... Teeth
• Louis Pasteur is called “Father of
the Modern Medicine”.
• If you has caries who would you
consult Dentist - its tooth decay
• Which of the following is not an
attribute of bacterium? Ability to arise from non-living matter
• The comma bacillus causes what
disease: Cholera
• If you have Chlorosis what colour
does the skin go: Green
• What is the oldest most widely used
drug on earth: Alcohol
• What medication discovered in 1928
but introduced 1940: Penicillin
• Flies and humans can both get which
condition-Athletes Foot
• Agraphia means inability to write.
• St. Vitus’s dance is a disease.
• Kleptomania is an irrational urge to steal.
• After drinking contaminated water you
would be most apt to develop symptoms of ‘typhoid fever’.
• Otalgia is what condition-Earache
• If a doctor gave you an Ishihara test
what is he testing-for Colour blindness
• If you suffered from pyrexia what
have you got-Fever
ANIMALS, PLANTS & INSECTS
• Earth worm is bi-sexual
• Euspongia is known as natural bath sponge.
• Live Fluke, biologically called
Fasciola, is found in liver of sheep.
• Eyes of insects are compound.
• Plants growing in extremely dry
condition are called Xerophytes.
• Roots absorb water from soil which is Hygroscopic.
• Legumes increase the fertility of the
soil by adding nitrogen to the soil.
• New varieties of organisms can be
brought about by hybridization.
• Seeds are developed from Ovule.
• Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless fruits.
• Grains swell in water due to
imbibitions.
• Chlorophyll contains magnesium.
• Star fish is not a star fish but a
spiny-skin (Echinodermata) marine animal.
• Plants store their food in the form
of starch.
• Unlike most other fish, sharks have no:
• It is now believed that dinosaurs
became extinct because of:
• The platypus and the echidna are the
only mammals that Lay eggs
• Lady bird is an insect
• Rust of wheat is a disease caused by
Fungi
• Silk is obtained from cocoon of silk worm
• Python Plankton are poisonous plants
• Insects have lived on earth about
4,000,000 years
• Slowest creature on earth is
Conch-Shell (shellfish snail)
• Star fish is not a star fish but a
spiny-skin (Echinodermata) marine animal.
• Koala bear is the only animal who
doesn’t drink water
• A rat can last longer without water
than a camel
• Loudest animal is Blue whales
• Peocock is found in 3 colors
• Cockroach is considered ancient
insect of world
• Daffodils flower resembles a human eye
• Giant squid is the largest invertiberate
• Angora wool is got from a special
variety of rabbit
• Sailfish is the largest fisht
• Distance covered by tortoiose is 4.6
meter in a minute
• Aristotle was the first to classify
animals into groups
• Eucalyptus is now considered as
environmental hazard
• Light energy is stored in the form of
chemical energy due to the activity of Chloroplast.
• Wood is used in manufacturing paper
• In cryptograms, the sex organs are
primitive and hidden.
• Thallophytia include algae, fungi,
and lichens.
• Carl Linneus is famous for binomial
system of nomenclature.
• Angiosperm includes the plants which
have covered flowers and covered flowers and covered seed.
• Plant cells resembles animal cell
because having a cell membrane made up of protoplasm.
• The king cobra is the only snake who
build nest.
• The black Mamba is the fastest snake.
• Snake have been evolved from lizard.
• Fertilization is fusion of two game tics of different strains.
• Fruit developed from single ovary is
called simple fruit.
• Seeds are developed from Ovule.
• Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless fruits.
• Commercial cork is obtained from Quercus.
• Grains swell in water due to
imbibitions.
• Chlorophyll contains magnesium.
• The rate of transpiration depends
upon frequency of Stomata.
• Light is necessary for photosynthesis
because it produce ATP and reducing substance.
• Oxygen liberated from photosynthesis
comes from water.
• Red light is most suitable for photosynthesis.
• Respiration means food oxidation and
evolution of energy.
• Chemical presentation of dead
organism in liquid is called Cryo-Bilogy.
• The organisms which are the only
living membrane of their group and link two major groups are called Living Fossil
• Red color of tomatos is imparted by Darotionoid
• Amphibians were the first vertrbrata
• There are three stages of frog = egg,
tadpole, and adult frog
• There are three groups of amhibians =
salamanders(slow moving animals), frogs and toads, caecilians(who look more
worm than amphibians)
• Lonrad Lorenz (1903-1989) was the
first to study animal behaviour
• Animals survive very cold weather or
very dry weather by going into a deep sleep it is called hibernation and
sleeping trough hot day condition is called aestivation
• Blue signed octopus very lethal and
can kill 10 people it feeds on crabs
• Cheetah is the fastest land animal.
It can accelerate from 0-90 km/h in 3 seconds and can run at 100 km/h but has
to rest after 20 seconds
• Sponge, beetle, snail, Jelly fish,
insects and starfish are cold-blooded animals
• Shark is a cold blooded animal
• Newts (wall lizard) and frog are cold
blooded animals
• Lizards, crocodiles, snakes, turtles
and tortoises are cold blooded animals
• Invertegrates have 33 groups, fish
have 2 goups, amphibians have 3 groups, reptiles havd 3 groups, birds have
28-30 groups and mammals have 21 groups
• Over 90% of animals are invertebrates
• Hard shell of animals is called exoskeleton
• 105 million different species of
animals have been identified
• Plants growing in extremely dry
condition are called Xerophytes.
• Roots absorb water from soil which is Hygroscopic.
• Legumes increase the fertility of the
soil by adding nitrogen to the soil.
• Hominoids are Humans + chimpanzees +
orungutans + Gorillas
• Felidae means from cat family
• Panthera means big cats
• There are 5 kingdoms in animal kingdom
• Birds are warm blooded
• Birds’ bones are hollow
• Oven birds build strong nests
• Weaver birds are those who build
their nests
• Male birds are more colorful than
female birds
• Birds that cannot fly are penguins,
emus, kiwis and ostriches
• In cryptograms, the sex organs are
primitive and hidden.
• Thallophytia include algae, fungi,
and lichens.
• Carl Linneus is famous for binomial
system of nomenclature.
• Angiosperm includes the plants which
have covered flowers and covered flowers and covered seed.
• Plant cells resembles animal cell
because having a cell membrane made up of protoplasm.
• Smell is the weakest sense in Birds.
• Owl can rotate his head to 180
degrees on either sides.
• Ostrich eat pebbles for helping
digestion by grinding up the ingested food.
• The cuckoo sneaks its eggs into other
birds’ nest to hatch.
• Earthworm is a bi-sexual.
• Eyes of insects are compound.
• Dolphins have 700 times more rods in
their eyes than humans which help them to see in dim light under water.
• A fly’s compound eye has 400
individual tubes.
• Plants in which seed are outside the
fruit are called Gymnosperms.
• Pollen is produced in a part of the
flower called the Calyx.
•
• Squids are the fastest swimming
invertebrates or animals without backbone.
• 99% of all animals are invertebrates.
• The sailfish can swim at 110 km/hour.
It the fastest fish.
• Fishes have a bag of gas called a
swim bladder inside their bodies that helps them float and sink.
• Fishes like sharks and rays have
skeletons make of tough cartilage and they don’t have a swim bladder.
• Fungi are neither plants nor animals
they are classified in their own separate kingdom.
• The cell wall of fungi is made of
chitin, the material from which insects make their hard outer skeletons.
• Unlike other green plants fungi
cannot use the sun’s energy to make food; instead they absorb their food from other living or dead
remains of living things.
• Fungi break down dead and decaying
materials so that they can be recycled.
• Fungal infections destroy crops and
cause diseases like athlete’s foot and ringworm.
• Plants make carbohydrates from carbon
dioxide and water and we get carbohydrates from plants
• Silk is one of two main fibres we get
from animals. The wool from sheep is the other.
• Cotton is the most important plant
fibre. It produces fibres in the seed pod or
boll.
• Linen is another plant fiber make
from flax plant.
• Dinosaurs lived in Mesozoic era.
• Eagle’s eyes have five times more
light sensitive cells than ours.
• Eucalyptus trees grow faster than any
other trees.
• Three groups of Amphibians
o
Salamanders – slow moving animals. Frog and toads.
o
Caecilians - look more worms than amphibians.
• Blue signed octopus is very lethal,
can kill 10 people, it feeds on crabs.
• Cheetah is the fastest land animal,
can accelerate from 0-90 km/h in just three seconds and can run at 100 km/h.
But he has to rest after about 20 seconds.
• Sponge, beetle, snails, jelly fish,
insects and starfish are cold blooded animals.
• Shark is a cold blooded animal.
• Newts, and frog are cold blooded animals.
• Lizard, crocodiles, snakes, turtiles
and tortoises are cold blooded animals.
• Invertebrates have 33 groups.
• Fish 3
• Amphibians 3
• Reptile 3
• Birds 28-30
• Mammals 21
• Over 90% of animals are invertebrates.
• Hard Shell of animals is called -> Exoskeleton.
• 105 million different species of
animals have been identified.
• Hominoids – Human + Champanzees +
Orangutans + Gorillas.
• Felidae------ from cat family.
• Panthera------ big cat
• Kestrel is a kind of Eagle.
• Vole is a kind of mouse
• Orca (Killer Whale)
• Word dinosaur means “terrible” Lizard.
• Euspongia is known as natural bath sponge.
• Live Fluke, biologically called
Fasciola, is found in liver of sheep.
• Earthworm is a bi-sexual.
• Eyes of insects are compound.
• Silk is obtained from cocoon of silk worm.
• The brown colour of rust is because
of : oxidation
• Granite is a form of – rock :
• Cellulose -- is the main chemical
substance in the plant cell wall :
• The desert mammal which does not
drink water :Knagaroo Rat
• The loudest sound produced by any
animal is 188 decibels. The animal is the African Elephant
• The primary plant body consists of 3
tissue systems.
• The total weight of a cell in a leaf
or a petal,water constitutes about 90%.
• A tissue is a group of cells having
similar structure and function.
• The three elements needed for healthy
growth of plants are: N, P, K
• What colour is Octopus blood: Blue
• What is the only bird that can smell: Emus
• The eyes of which animal have
rectangular pupils-Goat
• What animals eye is larger than its brain-Ostrich
• What fish can blink its eyes -Shark
• Where are a crickets ears located-
Front legs
• Which animal sleeps with one eye open-Dolphin
• Vole is a kind of mouse
• Kestrel is a kind of eagle
• Killer whale is Orca
• Corn adds more oxygen to the
atmosphere than it removes.
• Euspongia is known as natural bath sponge.
• Live Fluke, biologically called
Fasciola, is found in liver of sheep.
• Banana plant is shrub
• Rubber is obtained from latex
• Tobacco contains Nicotine
• Kharif crops are sown in Summer season
• Pesticides kill insects that attck crops
• Herbicides kill weeds
• Seedless Fruits are formed by pathanogenesis.
• Cotton fiber is routed from seed.
• Horticulture is the cultivation of
fruit crops.
• Late blight is a disease of potato
and tomato plants.
• The fertility of soil can be
increased by growing legumes.
• Olive trees and Cork-oak grow in the regions
having the Mediterranean type of climate.
• Coniferous forests are found in a
region having low mean temperature and a long cold winter.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, the
geographical belt of coniferous forest south of Tundra is called Steppe.
• Silverfish is a wingless insect.
• Guinea pig is a stocky tailless
rodent used in experimental work.
• What kind of animal is a lurcher: Dog
• With which organ does a snake hear: Tongue
• What fish can hold objects in its
tail: Sea Horse
• The leach has 32 what - humans only
got one-Brains
• The primary producers of organic
matter in nature are Green plants.
• The edible portion of mango is Mesocarp.
• The rice grain is a seed.
• Bamboo is Grass.
• Cork cells are impervious to water
because of the presence of Suberin.
• The biotic relationship between
insects and plants with reference to pollination is called Mutualism.
• Historically, Joseph Priestley,
recognized in 1727 A.D. that sunlight and air are important for the growth of plants.
• Carbon dioxide is required during
photosynthesis process in addition to sunlight and water.
• Man is Homoeothermic.
• The compound eye of insect produces
Mosaic vision.
• The post embryonic stages in the life
history of cockroach are known as Nymphs.
• Amphibians were the first vertebrate.
• There are three stages of frog.
Egg-tadpole-adult frog.
• Smell is the weakest sense in Birds.
• Owl can rotate his head to 180
degrees on either sides.
• Ostrich eat pebbles for helping
digestion by grinding up the ingested food.
• The cuckoo sneaks its eggs into other
birds’ nest to hatch.
• Birds are warm blooded animals.
• Birds bones are hollow.
• Oven birds build strong nests.
• Weaver birds are called to the birds
who build their nests.
• Male birds are more colorful than females.
• Birds do not fly are penguins, emus,
kiwis, ostriches.
• Thallophytia include algae, fungi,
and lichens.
• Angiosperm includes the plants which
have covered flowers and covered seed.
• Plant cells resembles animal cell
because having a cell membrane made up of protoplasm.
• Snake have been evolved from lizard.
• Plants in which seed are outside the
fruit are called Gymnosperms.
• Linseed oil is used while oil
painting.
• In cryptograms, the sex organs are
primitive and hidden.
• The rate of transpiration depends
upon frequency of Stomata.
• Light is necessary for photosynthesis
because it produce ATP and reducing substance.
• Oxygen liberated from photosynthesis
comes from water.
• Red light is most suitable for photosynthesis.
• Respiration means food oxidation and
evolution of energy.
• The organisms which are the only
living membrane of their group and link two major groups are called Living Fossil.
• Mammals cannot be cold blooded.
• Trypanosome a parasite causing
sleeping sickness.
• Chief food of mosquito larva is micro
organism found in water.
• Chief food of butterfly larva is
leaves of plants.
• Corn adds more oxygen to the
atmosphere than it removes.
• Fruit developed from single ovary is
called simple fruit.
• Pollen is produced in a part of the
flower called the Calyx.
• Edible part of tomato is whole fruit.
• The primary producers of organic
matter in nature are Green plants.
• Historically, Joseph Priertley , recognized
in 1727 A.D. that sunlight and air are important for the growth of plants.
• Carbon dioxide is required during
photosynthesis process in addition to sunlight and water.
• The compound eye of insect produces
Mosaic vision.
• The post embryonic stages in the life
history of cockroach are known as Nymphs.
• In the animal kingdom what creatures
are in the order—Chiroptera- Bats
• 90% of bird species are what Monogamous
• Kangaroos and Emus can't do what-Walk backwards
• Aleuronic layer: is that part of the
grain in cereals where much of the protein lies.
CHEMICALS, METALS, ACIDS
AND GASES
• Substance which changes readily into
vapor upon heating is called volatile
• Selenium is a non metal
• Most elastic among carbon, rubber,
glass and paper is glass
• Quartz is chemically silicon dioxide
• Highest electrical conductivity is of Silver
• Vinegar contains Acetic Acid.
• Lightest element found in nature is hydrogen
• Heaviest atom is uranium with atomic
weight 92 amu
• Molasses is a by-product of sugar industry.
• Formic Acid is used in dying, tanning
and electroplating.
• Sodium Benzoid is used for the
preservation of grains.
• Which gas discovered in 1898 has a
name meaning new Neon.
• The metal known as quick silver: Mercury
• Ethylene is a gas concerned with
Ripening of fruits.
• Opium is obtained from seed capsule
of opium poppy.
• Dry Ice is solid Carbon dioxide
• The most common element in the
universe is Nitrogen.
• Geologists have classified nearly 3000 minerals.
• Igneous rocks are solidified form of
molten magma.
• Sedimentary rocks are formed by the
deposition of sediments in water.
• Metamorphic rocks are the rocks
transformed by the action of intense heat or great pressure or chemical activity.
• Shale is a metamorphic rock.
• Sedimentary rocks cover about 75% of
world’s land area.
• Moon rocks collected by astronauts
are igneous in type.
ORES
• Ore of Aluminum is Bauxite
• Pyrolusite is an ore of manganese
• Myrolusite is an ore of Manganese.
• Ore of Gold is Native Gold
• Argentite is an ore of silver
• Magnetite and hematite are iron ores.
• The important ore of Chromium is Chromite
• Bauxite is an ore of aluminum. It
contains mineral alumina, or aluminum oxide.
• Diaspore, Felspar, Alurite, Zibcite,
and Bauxite are the ores of Aluminum.
• Malachite is an ore of Copper
• Radium is extracted from an ore
called Pitch Blonde
• Which element is extracted from the
ore Sphalerite-Zinc
• Saccharine is obtained from coal tar
• What is extracted from the ore cinnabar-Mercury
• What is extracted from the ore caserite-Tin
• Aqua Regia is the mixture of Nitric
Acid and HCL in 1:3.
ALLOYS
• Bronze is the mixture of Copper and tin.
• Brass is an alloy of Copper and Zinc
• Bronze is an alloy of copper and Tin
• Stainless steel is an alloy of carbon
+Iron with Chromium and Nickel
• German silver is an alloy of copper
with nickel and zinc
• Solder is an alloy of lead and tin
• Dental amalgam = mercury +silver,
Tin, Zinc, Copper
• Duralumin = aluminium + copper + magnesium
• Pewter is an ancient alloy made of
tin and lead
• Aluminum is used mostly in aircrafts
• Camphor exhibits the property of sublimation.
• The alloy which consists of copper
and tin.Bronze
• Excessive use of fertilizers causes
death of pants due to exomosis.
• Stainless steel => Carbon + Iron +
Chromium + Nickel.
• Bronze does not rust.
• Dental Amalgem => mercury +
Silver, Tin, Zinc, Copper.
• Duralumin => aluminum+Copper+magnesium.
• Brass => Copper + Zinc.
• Pewter => an ancient alloy made up
to tin and lead.
• Aluminum is used mostly in aircrafts.
• Australia has the largest bauxite deposits.
• Aluminum metal is obtained from
aluminia by electrolysis – passing electricity through it. This process was
discovered independently in 1886 by Charles Hall in the USA and Paul Heroult in France.
• Asbestos does not burn and it is a
mineral fiber
• Amalgam is a mixture of metal and mercury
• Nickel is used as a catalyst while
manufacturing ghee
• After persistent decay, radium would
be finally changed into Lead.
• Mercury is a liquid with greatest
density
• Noble metal are non-reactive metals
example Gold, Silver and Platinum
• Mica is an excellent insulator
• Purest form of iron is wrought iron
• Cast iron has highest carbon content
• Sodium, potassium and magnesium are
reactive metals
• Sodium burns in water not in kerosene
• Conductivity level 1)silver,
2)copper, 3)aluminum, 4)iron
• PVC = Ployvenyl Chloride
• First synthetic materials was
Celluloid in 1868
• Second synthetic material by Bakelite
invented by Leo Hendricks Backland
• Largely limestone is used in the
production of cement
• Granite can be found in igneous rocks.
• Coal and petroleum are found in
Sedimentary rocks
• Gold and copper are mostly found in
old Igneous rocks
• Magnesium is abundant in sea
• Sources of uranium in Pakistan is
Dera Ghazi Khan
• What type of acid is used in car
batteries Sulphuric
• Copper can be converted into gold by:
Artificial radioactivity
• Tungsten has the highest melting
point = 3410 deg: C
• The coil used in a heater is made of Nichron