• Common Salt is NaCl = sodium chloride
• Chun is Ca(OH)2 = calcium hydroxide
• Washing soda = Na2CO3= sodium carbonate
• Baking soda = NaHCO3 = sodium bicarbonate
• Chalk = CaCO3 = calcium carbonate
• Plaster of Paris = CaSO4.1/2 H2O
• Gypsum salt is CaSo4 + 2H2O.
• Cholestrol = C27 H46O
• Carbohydrates = C+O+H
• Protein = C+Nitrogen + O+H
• C2 H5 OH is the formula of what- Alcohol
•
• H14 N2 is a poisonous alkaloid
consumed daily by millions what-Nicotine
• What element was named after the
Greek word for green-Chlorine
• What elements name comes from the Greek
for light bearing-Phosphorous
• Alphabetically what is the first
element in the periodic table-Actinium
• What elements name comes from the
Greek word for violet-Iodine
• Mercury is also known as Quick Silver
• Coal is also known as Black Diamond
• The lightest known metal is Lithium
• The oil used to preserve timber is
Creosote oil
• Lime stone is predominantly used raw
material in the production of cement.
• An element found in all organic
compounds is carbon
• Most commonly used bleaching agent is chlorine
• Lime is sometimes applied to soil in
order to increase the alkalinity of the soil
• Podsols are Acidic soils
• Source of plaster of Paris is gypsum
• Chemical name of plaster of Paris is Hemihydrates
• Naturally occurring elements are 92
• Total elements are 109
• Alkaline soil is treated with gypsum
• Marble is metamorphic rock
• Limestone is sedimentary rock
• Limestone transforms into marble
• Thorium is both magnetic and radioactive
• Finest quality of pottery is
procelin. It is make from the purest white clay such as kaolin also called
China clay and heated at 1400 deg: C
• Bone china is an imitation porcelain
made using clay mixed with bone ash
• Mud bricks are called adobe
• Materials that resist high
temperatures are known as refectories
• Refectories contin tungsten, the
metal with highest melting point (3410 deg:
C).
• Some refectories contain tungsten
carbide which is used to make cutting tools that remain sharp even when they get red hot
• Rungsten and titanium carbides are
mixed with ceramics to form cerment which are used in high temperature parts of
jet and rocket engines
• Cement is a ceramic product made of
fiercely haeating (1500 deg: C) earthly material like limestone and clay
• Concrete is strong under compression
but weak if streatched (tension). For this engineers cast steel rods into the concrete. This is
called reinforced concrete.
• Ceramic is made by heating and mixing
together the ceramic material boron carbide and aluminium. It is lighter than
aluminum and stronger than steel
• Sodium carbonate is used in making
glass and in caustic soda for making soap
• Sulphuric acid is also known as
“lifeblood of industry”
• Oxidation is addition of oxygen to
the substance
• Hydrogenation is adding hydrogen
• Hydrogen is the commonest element in
the universe.
• Hydrogen is a powerful fuel. The main
engines of the space shuttle are powered by hydrogen.
• Hydrogen is used in fertilizers,
margarine and plastics.
• Serenium is non metal substance.
• ‘Ion exchange’ is the method to
remove the temporary or permanent hardness of
water.
• Molasses (Gur) are a by product of
sugar industry.
• Polymerization is the reaction by
which plastics are made. It involves linking together of small molecules
(manomers) to form large ones (polymers)
• Halogens mean salt like. It is a
group of highly reactive nonmetals that are poisonous in their pure forms.
Other halogens are fluorine, bromine, iodine,
astatine.
• Salt is one of the halogens
• Halogens light bulbs used in cars’
headlamps (ususlly iodine or bromine) surrounding the light filament. Halogen
bulbs are brighter and last longer than ordinary light bulbs.
• Fluoride compounds in toothpaste and
drinking water help to prevent tooth decay.
• Chlorine reacts with other elements
and form PVC, a plastic for pipes and waterproof fabrics.
• Iodine sublimes at room temperature
(i.e turns directly into a gas)
• Chlorine is used in swimming pools to
kill germs.
• Palladium metal is used in air craft
• Liquid sodium is used a coolant in
nuclear reactor
• Plutonium-239 is a good nuclear fuel
• Aviation fuel for jet aeroplanes
consists of purified kerosene
• Co2 is used in fir extinguishers
• Cooking gas is oxygen+methane
• Hydrogen has the highest fuel value
• Ripening of fruits is hastened by
Ethylene gas
• Iron rusts due to formation of a
mixture of ferrous and ferric hydroxide
• Chemically soap is a salt
• Dalton’s atomic theory gave the
concept of Valency
• When radioactive rays are passed
through air or any gas , they cause it to ionize
• Formic acid is present in sour milk
• Butane gas is used in cigarette lighters
• LPG contains Butane and propane
• In soft drinks Co2 is used
• Rust stains on cloth is revoved by
Oxalic Acid solution
• Acid in lemon and grape fruit is
Citric Acid
• Permanent magnets are make from
Ferromagnetic substances
• Melting point of Tungsten is 3000
deg: C
• Mercury is used as a solvent in
refining silver
• Serenium is non metal substance.
• Aqua Regia is the mixture of Nitric
Acid and HCL in 1:3.
• Sodium Benzoate is used to preserve
food articles.
• Gas used for purification of water is chlorine
• Formic Acid is used in dying, tanning
and electroplating.
• In galvanization iron sheet is coated
with Zinc
• Mahalanobis model laid great emphasis
on development of heavy industries.
• Oxidation is the process in which
electron is lost.
• Camphor exhibits the property of sublimation.
• Gypsum salt is CaSo4 + 2H2O.
• Excessive use of fertilizers causes
death of plants due to exomosis.
• Sodium Benzoate is used to preserve
food articles.
• Bee stings contain formic acid
• BHCC Benzene Hex chloride is used for
killing for insects.
• Opposite of acid is alkali
• Pure water has pH of 7
• pH scale ranges from 0-14
• Cola drinks contain phosphoric acid
to give them flavor
• People used to treat bee stings by
rubbing them with bicarbonate of soda
• Acid contains hydrogen and react with
metals such as iron and zinc, they give off
hydrogen
• Acid turns litmus paper red
• Alkali turns litmus paper blue
• Alkalis are part of a group of
chemicals called bases.
• Alkalis are bases that dissolve in
water, have bitter taste and feel soapy
• When an acid meets an alkali both are
changed- they are neutralized.
• When acid meets alkali salt and water
is produced
• Stomach produces hydrochloric acid
• Strong acids like sulphuric acid is
usesd in factories to make fertilizers, explosives, plastics, synthetic fabrics, paints, dyes,
medicines, detergents and other chemicals
• Example of strong alkali is Sodium
Hydroxide (caustic soda)
• Sodium hydroxide solution dissolves
fats and used to clean oven and drain blocked
cleaners
• In industry alkalis are used in the
manufacture of soap, glass, paper and textile and in the refining of crude oil
• Aluminum metal is obtained from
aluminia by electrolysis. This process was discovered by Charles Hall of US in 1886 and Paul Heroult in France
• Use of Boron and Zink can improve
cotton yield
• ‘Ion exchange’ is the method to
remove the temporary or permanent hardness of
water.
• An example of inorganic compound is
carbon monoxide
• Shoot is an example of amorphous carbon
• Different forms of same elements are
called allotropes
• Diamond is allotropic form of carbon
• Graphite is used to hold molten metals
• Charcoad is used in gas masks for
absorbing unpleasant smells
• Fullerences are the most recently
discovered allotropes
• The main ingredient in glass making
is sand, the mineral is silical.
• The ordinary glass used for bottles
and windows is known as soda lime glass as it is made by using soda ash and limestone.
• Adding lead oxide in glass making
recipe makes crystal glass which has extra brilliance and sparkles like a diamond.
• Glass with a very high lead content
is made for the nuclear industry because it blocks harmful radiations.
• Boron is added to glass making recipe
to protect glass from expanding and cracking when heated.
• Borosilicate glass is used to make
heat resistant cookware and laboratory equipments.
• Glues comes from animals by boiling
bones and skin of cattle and fish bones
• Gums come from the sticky resins make
by certain plants.
• Most adhesives used today are
synthetic and are usually made from petroleum
chemicals.
399
• Among the strongest adhesives are the
epoxy resins
• Gold is the most malleable metal of all
• Silver is used today in photography
because many silver salts darken when they are exposed to light.
• Platinum is used in industry as a catalyst.
• Rubies and sapphires are made mostly
of a material called alumina, but rubies are red beacuase they contain tiny amount of chromium and
sapphires are ususlly blue as these cotain timy amounts of iron
• Driest deserts on earth are the cold,
dry valley of Antarctica
• Detergents are synthetic products
made from petroleum chemicals
• Soap is made by heating fat or oil
with alkali like caustic soda. A product we get from making of soap is glycerine which is used in making
plastics and explosives.
• Pure iron is quite a weak metal but
if carbon is added to it, it becomes both strong and hard
• Iron bricks are called steel ingot
• Iron is not found in metal form but
extracted from iron ore by smelting ie heating at high temp:
• 90 elements exist naturally and 25
artificially
• At room temperature most elements are
solids but a number are gases like oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, helium and neon and only two are liquids like
mercury and bromine.
• Gold rarely combine with other metals
and fluorine is highly reactive
• Diamond and graphite are allotropes
of carbon
• Hjeating coal without air produce
coke which is used to make steel
• Bitumen (damber) is used for
surfacing roads comes from coal
• Isotopes are same chemicals but with
different physical properties
• Aircrafts are made of aluminum
alloys.
• Chemical used in bettery cells is electrolyte
• Sulphuric acid is used in batteries
as electrolyte
• In alkalin battery Anode = Zinc powder
mixed with electrolyte and Cathode = manganese compound mixed with electrolyte
• Anode = negative terminal and Cathode
= positive terminal
• Votalic Pile was the first battery
made in 1799
• Fuel cells make electricity using
hydrogen as a fuel
• Almost all explosives contain
nitrogen. Nitrogen compound Ammonia is the starting point of several explosives.
• Calcium is a metal found in chalk,
limestone and marble in the form of Calcium
Carbonate
• Beryllium is used to make cutting tools
where it is important to avoid spark
• Minerals containing beryllium don’t
show up on x-rays, and are used for the windows of x-ray machines
• Magnesium is present in chlorophyll
• Sulphur dioxide is not an odorless gas
• Glass is soluble in Aqua Reggie
• Fuel in an automobile is a mixture of
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
• Power of alcohol is methyl and petrol
• Lead is used in batteries
• The odour of garlic is due to a
Sulphuric compound
• Cabbage contains sulphur
• The strongest known acid is an 80%
solution of antimony pentafluoride in hydrofluoriv acid.
• Saffron is used to color fabrics.
Cochineal red is a dye extracted from insects.
• Crude oil and natural gas are made
mostly from hydrocarbons. When they burn CO2 is released into atmosphere
• Synthetic fibers are mostly plastics
make from petroleum chemicals.
• Lime is sometimes applied to soil in
order to increase the alkalinity of the soil
• BHCC Benzene Hex chloride is used for
killing for insects.
• Opposite of acit is alkali.
• Pure water has 7 P.H.
• Cola drinks contain phosphoric acid
to give them flavor.
• Bee stings contain formic acid.
• People used to treat bee stings by
rubbing them with bicarbonate of soda.
• Acid contains Hydrogen and reacts
with metals such as iron and zinc, they give off Hydrogen.
• Acid turns litmus paper red.
• Alkalis are part of a group of
chemicals called bases. Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water, have bitter taste and feel soapy.
• Alkali turns litmus paper blue.
• Stomach produces hydrochloric acid
• Backing powder => Bicarbonate of
Soda -> an alkali
• Strong acids like sulphuric acid used
in factories to make fertilizers, explosive, plastics, synthetic fabrics,
paint, dyes, medicines, detergents, and many other chemicals.
• Strong alkalis => Sodium Hydroxide
(Caustic Soda).
• Sodium Hydroxide solution dissolves
fats used as oven and drain blocked cleaners.
• In industry, alkalis are used in the
manufacture of soap, glass, paper and textile, and in the refining of crude oil.
• Chemical in cell of battery is called electrolyte.
• Lead metals are used in batteries.
• A personal stereo used alkaline
battery. In this the electrodes are powders, mixed with an electrolyte to make
a paste.
• Sulphuric acid is used in batteries
are electrolyte.
• In alkalin battery:-
o
Anode = Zinc powder mixed with electrolyte.
o
Cathode= Manganese compound mixed with electrolyte.
• Anode = Negative Terminal
• + Cathode=
Positive Terminal
• Votalic pile was the first battery in 1799.
• Fuel cells make electricity using
hydrogen as a fuel.
• Carbon is the element of life.
• Shoot is an example of amorphous carbon.
• Different form of the same elements
are called allotropes.
• Diamond is allotropic from of carbon.
• Graphite is used to hold molten metals.
• Charcoal is used in gas masks for
absorbing unpleasant smells.
• Fullerenes are the most recently
discovered allotropes.
• Carbon dioxide we release is comes
from food we eat.
• Carbohydrates = C+O+H
• Protein = Nitrogen + O + H
• Chromatography shows what’s in the
colored coating of some sweets.
• Mass spectrography is one of the most
powerful ways of analyzing many kind of chemicals.
• Electrophoresis = > Separation of
tagged core fragments of DNA with radioactivity.
• Sodium Carbonate is used in making
glass and in caustic soda for making soap.
• Heavy Chemicals => Sodium
Carbonate, Caustic Soda, Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, Ammonia, Benzene.
• Sulphuric acid is also known as
‘lifeblood of industry’
• Sulphuric acid is made from sulphur
by contact process.
• Benzene is known as organic chemical.
• Oxidation -> addition of oxygen to
the substance is made.
• Hydrogenation -> adding hydrogen.
• Polymerization is the reaction by which
plastics are produced. It involves the linking together of small molecules (monomers) to form large
ones (polymere).
• Cracking - > large molecules are
broken down into small ones (used in refining
petroleum).
• Halogens means salt like.
• Chlorine combines with sodium to make
salt (Sodium chloride). It is one of the halogens, a group of highly reactive nonmetals that are
all poisonous in their pure forms.
• Other halogens are Fluorine, Bromine,
Iodine, Astatine.
• The halogen light bulbs used in cars
headlamps have a halogen gas, usually iodine or bromine, surrounding the light
filament. Halogen bulbs are brighter and last much longer than ordinary light bulbs.
• Fluoride compounds in toothpaste and
drinking water help to prevent tooth decay.
• Chlorine reacts with lots of other
elements to make some very useful compounds such as PVC, a plastic for pipes
and waterproof fabrics.
• CFC – Chlorofluoro carbons.
• Iodine (turns straight into a gas)
(Sublimes) at room temperature.
• Chlorine is used in swimming pools to
kill germs, that is why swimmers use goggles.
• Carbon has two isotopes.
• Muons are particles of atom.
• Isotopes have same chemical but
different physical properties.
• Ions => In an atom, the positive
electrical charges of the protons are balanced by the negative electrical
charges of the electron. The atom is therefore electrically neutral. However,
if you add or take away one or more electrons from an atom, it becomes either
negatively or positively charged, such charged particles are called Ions.
• The purest naturally occurring
crystalline form of carbon : diamond
• The mixture which can dissolve
platinium : Aqua regia
• Steel is more elastic than rubber
• Marble is --- rock : metaphoric
• Oil rises in a wick of oil lamp
because of a property of matter, called capillary action
• Mercury metal is 13.5 times heavier
than water
• Diamond is the purest naturally
occurring crystalline form of : Carbon
• Caustic soda is extensively used for
making : making Surf
• Charcoal Sulphur Saltpetre make what - Gunpowder
• What elements name comes from the
Greek meaning lazy Argon
• What are silver coins made
from-Copper Nickel
• Kallium is the old name for which element-Potassium
• Coal is formed from the remains of
forests that grew in the carboniferous period about 300 million years ago.
• Half-time is a time of radioactive
substance taken by that substance to decompose radioactivity to half of its weight.
• Calcium chloride is present in the
common toothpastes as an abrasive.
• Copper and tin make gun-metal.
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas consists
mainly of methane, butane and propane.
• Magnesium is a metal extracted from
the sea water.
• Magnetite can be used for extraction
of iron.
• The main constituents of Pearl are
calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
• Pollution in rivers is measured by
the percentage of dissolved amount of Nitrogen.
• Uranium is called White Coal.
• Lead and tin are used in solder.
• Caffeine, a constituent of tea and
coffee is a diuretic.
• Citric Acid is used in soft drinks.
• A substance which radiates light when
heated to a high temperature is said to be incandescent.
• Light waves are electromagnetic.
• If a solution of pH 6 is diluted by
100 times, the resulting solution would be Acidic.
• Acid rain is caused due to emission
of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur.
404
• Hydrogen iodide is used for writing
on glass.
• Infrared radiation has the longest wavelength.
• Stainless steel cooking pans are
fabricated with copper bottom because conductivity of copper is greater that
that of stainless steel.
• Sucrose is the sweetest natural sugar
among glucose, fructose and lactose.
• Lead is used in storage batteries.
• Nobel gases are so called due to
their chemical inertness.
• Alum is not present in cement.
• Due to continuous use of calcium
superphosphate as fertilizer in soil, the pH of soil becomes more than 7.
• Among the fertilizers used, urea
contains maximum % of N.
• Potassium magnesium sulphate is
called the muraite of potash.
• Sodium acetate salt when dissolved in
water makes the solution basic.
• Yellow colour of usual nitric acid is
due to the presence of N2O5.
• Astatine is the rarest naturally
occurring element on earth.
• Nitrogen and carbon are most
essential for building cells in the human body.
• Among the sedimentary rocks,
limestone is of organic origin.
• Red Hematite is an ore of iron.
• Radio-carbon dating is used to find
the age of fossils.
• Which of the following is used as raw
material for the manufacture of rayon? Cellulose
• Saponification is the process that
makes what common product: Soap
• If an alloy is an amalgam what metal
must it contain-Mercury
• An example of inorganic compound is
carbon monoxide.
• ATP is a molecule containing high
energy bonds.
• Sand, Soda and what are the main
ingredients of glass-Limestone
• Which acid dissolves glass-
Hydrofluoric Acid
• What colour is iridium-Steel Grey
• What gives onions their distinctive smell- Sulphur -
taken in when growing